Week2 Lab Tutorial Timeline

Time	Activity
16:00–16:05	Introduction — Overview of the main tasks for the lab tutorials
16:05–16:45	Tutorial: geometric operation — Follow Section 2.1 of the Jupyter Notebook to practice the overlay, dissolve and buffer analysis
16:45–17:30	Tutorial: spatial join — Follow Section 2.2 of the Jupyter Notebook to practice the spatial join
17:30–17:55	Quiz — Complete quiz tasks
17:55–18:00	Wrap-up — Recap key points and address final questions

For this module’s lab tutorials, you can download all the required data using the provided link (click).

Please make sure that both the Jupyter Notebook file and the data and img folder are placed in the same directory (specifically within the STBDA_lab folder) to ensure the code runs correctly.

Week 2 Key Takeaways:

• Perform geometric operations on geospatial data including overlay, dissolve, and buffer analysis;

• Apply geometric operations to analyze relationships between geographic objects;

• Combine different geospatial datasets using spatial joins;

• Create buffers and zones around geographic objects and implement buffer analysis;

• Perform spatial analysis to extract meaningful insights from real urban complex data.

2 Geospatial data operations and processing

2.1 Geometric manipulation/operations

2.1.1 Overlay

In this section, we will learn how to perform overlay operations on geospatial data. Overlay operations are used to combine two or more layers of geospatial data to create a new layer that contains information from all the input layers. There are four main types of overlay operations: intersection, union, difference, and symmetric difference in Geopandas overlay function.

(Spatial overlay with two input vector layers (a_input = rectangle, b_input = circle). The resulting vector layer is displayed in green. QGIS documentation)

Here, we use the London Local authorities selected from UK local authority boundaries used in the previous week and the London Inner Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) boundary 2019 or called central London Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) now. The London congestion charge zone is a designated area in central London where drivers are required to pay a fee to drive within the zone during certain hours. The ULEZ is an area in London where only vehicles that meet strict emissions standards can enter without paying a charge. (Please note the boundary of ULEZ 2019/CCZ was expanded in 2021 and 2023, but we use the CCZ boundary in this case).

# load the required libraries
import geopandas as gpd
import warnings

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

# Read the UK Local Authority boundaries in geojson
gdf_uk_la = gpd.read_file("data/Local_Authority_Districts_December_2024_Boundaries_UK_BSC.geojson")

# Selecting London Local Authority boundaries by using the index in the LAD24CD column.
# As all London LA index code starts with 'E09', we can use the string method to filter the data.
gdf_uk_london = gdf_uk_la[gdf_uk_la['LAD24CD'].str.startswith('E09')]

# We can observe that London has 33 local authorities (33 rows in GeoDataFrame).
gdf_uk_london

	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID	geometry
263	264	E09000001	City of London		532382	181358	-0.093520	51.51564	741710fd-03e1-4b41-8645-7ebcfc5961ac	POLYGON ((-0.07853 51.52151, -0.07687 51.51663...
264	265	E09000002	Barking and Dagenham		547757	185111	0.129479	51.54556	a2f59957-115c-478b-8c27-5162ee915dc7	POLYGON ((0.15436 51.56611, 0.16189 51.56162, ...
265	266	E09000003	Barnet		523473	191752	-0.218200	51.61107	9c7bda3b-2831-4799-857a-c83a49d16e4e	POLYGON ((-0.19987 51.67017, -0.19107 51.6639,...
266	267	E09000004	Bexley		549202	175434	0.146212	51.45823	ce2684df-0b6a-45fb-a5f7-85b9ab35e0de	POLYGON ((0.18654 51.48046, 0.20084 51.47866, ...
267	268	E09000005	Brent		519615	186465	-0.275690	51.56439	3b5f8a90-cb62-4570-984f-fbf322e910bc	POLYGON ((-0.2495 51.58557, -0.25173 51.58338,...
268	269	E09000006	Bromley		542036	165707	0.039246	51.37266	13f562be-b8cb-427c-bf86-0f845358e1ac	POLYGON ((0.03975 51.44098, 0.05821 51.42487, ...
269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.162910	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4	POLYGON ((-0.13842 51.55687, -0.13072 51.55067...
270	271	E09000008	Croydon		533922	164745	-0.077620	51.36599	c8fce222-bb0d-4a51-a695-68c991b41d31	POLYGON ((-0.11263 51.42324, -0.10596 51.42259...
271	272	E09000009	Ealing		517055	181959	-0.314100	51.52443	b2200ae0-425c-441f-88f8-b3ad3afc2152	POLYGON ((-0.33556 51.55656, -0.31253 51.54903...
272	273	E09000010	Enfield		532831	196198	-0.081440	51.64890	53c0b28d-45c0-462e-96ff-dd23c7f8cead	POLYGON ((-0.08389 51.68991, -0.06209 51.68298...
273	274	E09000011	Greenwich		542507	175878	0.050093	51.46394	c559fa29-c300-4d10-8c1f-c0ea59815fa1	MULTIPOLYGON (((-0.01733 51.4802, -0.01876 51....
274	275	E09000012	Hackney		534560	185787	-0.060460	51.55493	a41cf0fc-95ed-4823-a9db-7b8bc60f421b	POLYGON ((-0.01717 51.55158, -0.01655 51.54333...
275	276	E09000013	Hammersmith and Fulham		523867	177993	-0.217350	51.48733	fb263bb7-9972-416c-9e8c-fc6966c08221	POLYGON ((-0.21503 51.50219, -0.20795 51.49603...
276	277	E09000014	Haringey		531260	189349	-0.106700	51.58772	a4407a53-4227-42ea-be81-5933bf73fc98	POLYGON ((-0.11562 51.60842, -0.11445 51.6084,...
277	278	E09000015	Harrow		515359	189736	-0.335990	51.59467	72e2ba10-bf08-4504-8775-6fd08d725dd7	POLYGON ((-0.2842 51.5905, -0.28246 51.58505, ...
278	279	E09000016	Havering		555032	187514	0.235368	51.56520	ef6d5be3-a2f9-4ad8-8c35-5cdc37e0bf9e	POLYGON ((0.22409 51.63174, 0.26326 51.60919, ...
279	280	E09000017	Hillingdon		508168	183121	-0.441790	51.53664	ac5e6b28-6cc5-413b-b5b0-2d86048fe3f1	POLYGON ((-0.45974 51.61316, -0.45713 51.61229...
280	281	E09000018	Hounslow		512737	174959	-0.378550	51.46239	a53588f2-bf1c-41b5-83f7-d0e7419b35df	POLYGON ((-0.27418 51.49729, -0.26906 51.49403...
281	282	E09000019	Islington		531160	184645	-0.109900	51.54547	43a872fc-e401-45af-a2e6-3b2befc98837	POLYGON ((-0.07768 51.54948, -0.07669 51.54609...
282	283	E09000020	Kensington and Chelsea		525756	179054	-0.189780	51.49645	29dc7a0f-a487-4156-a842-975bea2a337d	POLYGON ((-0.19991 51.51684, -0.19917 51.51454...
283	284	E09000021	Kingston upon Thames		519508	167389	-0.283680	51.39296	1e70f43d-4ddf-47dc-88bb-4df2efbfcafc	POLYGON ((-0.25424 51.4293, -0.24952 51.41478,...
284	285	E09000022	Lambeth		531118	175629	-0.113850	51.46445	9143bbc4-6bda-4e17-8148-cae2813f694d	POLYGON ((-0.09936 51.47264, -0.09598 51.46987...
285	286	E09000023	Lewisham		537888	173343	-0.017340	51.44230	99f48b46-bb26-47d7-8c90-bab1eeba4425	POLYGON ((-0.01876 51.47891, -0.02274 51.47535...
286	287	E09000024	Merton		526068	169508	-0.188690	51.41059	2e85b11a-12d0-45c2-862c-ffd0dce83b1a	POLYGON ((-0.18985 51.44027, -0.18977 51.43135...
287	288	E09000025	Newham		540713	183346	0.027261	51.53150	70e80979-1178-4228-9ae5-2e8d09e17e69	POLYGON ((0.05034 51.56402, 0.06015 51.55641, ...
288	289	E09000026	Redbridge		543512	189477	0.070085	51.58588	947652cf-8d04-498f-aeac-8cb34f1052d8	POLYGON ((0.02182 51.62883, 0.04079 51.61573, ...
289	290	E09000027	Richmond upon Thames		519005	172650	-0.289140	51.44035	533a2a77-3779-4660-b9de-90d93540ee21	POLYGON ((-0.23296 51.47168, -0.23357 51.46535...
290	291	E09000028	Southwark		533945	175869	-0.073090	51.46595	7d09d625-212a-4819-9b12-36c8d8d2b697	POLYGON ((-0.07083 51.50252, -0.07351 51.50046...
291	292	E09000029	Sutton		527357	163639	-0.172270	51.35755	1b5d57bc-1cb5-43e1-85ba-3bb45da0b7cc	POLYGON ((-0.16995 51.39173, -0.1653 51.388, -...
292	293	E09000030	Tower Hamlets		536340	181452	-0.036480	51.51555	54f82e61-dc15-42cb-b777-681b4326f855	POLYGON ((-0.03319 51.54469, -0.02899 51.54227...
293	294	E09000031	Waltham Forest		537328	190278	-0.018800	51.59462	97cd624f-2c02-4f12-a78e-7aedc777673f	POLYGON ((0.02009 51.62643, 0.01454 51.61889, ...
294	295	E09000032	Wandsworth		525152	174138	-0.200220	51.45240	9c51587a-4315-449d-bcc7-e65625e402f7	POLYGON ((-0.14969 51.46129, -0.14814 51.4564,...
295	296	E09000033	Westminster		528268	180871	-0.152950	51.51222	a52ff0f8-4ac0-4417-8338-01be3cbb516a	POLYGON ((-0.17348 51.53765, -0.1649 51.53578,...

# We check the coordinate reference system (CRS) of the London local authority boundaries, which is WGS 84.
gdf_uk_london.crs

<Geographic 2D CRS: EPSG:4326>
Name: WGS 84
Axis Info [ellipsoidal]:
- Lat[north]: Geodetic latitude (degree)
- Lon[east]: Geodetic longitude (degree)
Area of Use:
- name: World.
- bounds: (-180.0, -90.0, 180.0, 90.0)
Datum: World Geodetic System 1984 ensemble
- Ellipsoid: WGS 84
- Prime Meridian: Greenwich

# We can plot the London local authority boundaries using the plot method.
gdf_uk_london.plot(figsize=(6, 6), edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

# We read the ULEZ 2019 / CCZ boundary in shp format.
gdf_ccz = gpd.read_file("data/ULEZ_2019_Central_Congestion_Charging_Zone/UltraLowEmissionsZoneBoundary(ULEZ).shp")

# We can observe that the CCZ boundary has 1 row (CCZ is a single polygon).
gdf_ccz

	OBJECTID	BOUNDARY	Shape_Area	geometry
0	1	CSS Area	21.375571	POLYGON ((531562.664 183054.181, 531582.254 18...

# Check the CRS of the CCZ boundary, which is OSGB 1936 / British National Grid.
gdf_ccz.crs

<Projected CRS: EPSG:27700>
Name: OSGB36 / British National Grid
Axis Info [cartesian]:
- E[east]: Easting (metre)
- N[north]: Northing (metre)
Area of Use:
- name: United Kingdom (UK) - offshore to boundary of UKCS within 49°45'N to 61°N and 9°W to 2°E; onshore Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland). Isle of Man onshore.
- bounds: (-9.01, 49.75, 2.01, 61.01)
Coordinate Operation:
- name: British National Grid
- method: Transverse Mercator
Datum: Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 1936
- Ellipsoid: Airy 1830
- Prime Meridian: Greenwich

# Plot the CCZ boundary using the plot method.
gdf_ccz.plot(figsize=(6, 6), edgecolor='grey', color='red', alpha=0.3, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

We need compatible CRS to perform overlay operations, which means that we should use map projection to change WGS 84 to OSGB 1936 / British National Grid. (We recommend using the projected CRS as the projected CRS is more accurate than the geographic CRS).

# Change London LA boundaries CRS from WGS 84 to OSGB 1936 / British National Grid.
gdf_uk_london = gdf_uk_london.to_crs(epsg=27700)

gdf_uk_london

	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID	geometry
263	264	E09000001	City of London		532382	181358	-0.093520	51.51564	741710fd-03e1-4b41-8645-7ebcfc5961ac	POLYGON ((533404.882 182037.774, 533534.125 18...
264	265	E09000002	Barking and Dagenham		547757	185111	0.129479	51.54556	a2f59957-115c-478b-8c27-5162ee915dc7	POLYGON ((549415.046 187447.397, 549951.663 18...
265	266	E09000003	Barnet		523473	191752	-0.218200	51.61107	9c7bda3b-2831-4799-857a-c83a49d16e4e	POLYGON ((524579.909 198355.204, 525206.015 19...
266	267	E09000004	Bexley		549202	175434	0.146212	51.45823	ce2684df-0b6a-45fb-a5f7-85b9ab35e0de	POLYGON ((551929.394 177989.748, 552928.813 17...
267	268	E09000005	Brent		519615	186465	-0.275690	51.56439	3b5f8a90-cb62-4570-984f-fbf322e910bc	POLYGON ((521373.205 188863.227, 521224.977 18...
268	269	E09000006	Bromley		542036	165707	0.039246	51.37266	13f562be-b8cb-427c-bf86-0f845358e1ac	POLYGON ((541860.07 173304.943, 543192.771 171...
269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.162910	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4	POLYGON ((529150.075 185862.023, 529701.341 18...
270	271	E09000008	Croydon		533922	164745	-0.077620	51.36599	c8fce222-bb0d-4a51-a695-68c991b41d31	POLYGON ((531320.674 171048.561, 531786.297 17...
271	272	E09000009	Ealing		517055	181959	-0.314100	51.52443	b2200ae0-425c-441f-88f8-b3ad3afc2152	POLYGON ((515485.448 185498.141, 517101.131 18...
272	273	E09000010	Enfield		532831	196198	-0.081440	51.64890	53c0b28d-45c0-462e-96ff-dd23c7f8cead	POLYGON ((532542.111 200754.904, 534069.312 20...
273	274	E09000011	Greenwich		542507	175878	0.050093	51.46394	c559fa29-c300-4d10-8c1f-c0ea59815fa1	MULTIPOLYGON (((537775.233 177557.193, 537679....
274	275	E09000012	Hackney		534560	185787	-0.060460	51.55493	a41cf0fc-95ed-4823-a9db-7b8bc60f421b	POLYGON ((537570.535 185494.637, 537638.712 18...
275	276	E09000013	Hammersmith and Fulham		523867	177993	-0.217350	51.48733	fb263bb7-9972-416c-9e8c-fc6966c08221	POLYGON ((523987.95 179648.788, 524495.91 1789...
276	277	E09000014	Haringey		531260	189349	-0.106700	51.58772	a4407a53-4227-42ea-be81-5933bf73fc98	POLYGON ((530582.539 191635.519, 530663.787 19...
277	278	E09000015	Harrow		515359	189736	-0.335990	51.59467	72e2ba10-bf08-4504-8775-6fd08d725dd7	POLYGON ((518957.027 189354.542, 519091.743 18...
278	279	E09000016	Havering		555032	187514	0.235368	51.56520	ef6d5be3-a2f9-4ad8-8c35-5cdc37e0bf9e	POLYGON ((554025.008 194889.306, 556813.413 19...
279	280	E09000017	Hillingdon		508168	183121	-0.441790	51.53664	ac5e6b28-6cc5-413b-b5b0-2d86048fe3f1	POLYGON ((506743.924 191604.133, 506926.813 19...
280	281	E09000018	Hounslow		512737	174959	-0.378550	51.46239	a53588f2-bf1c-41b5-83f7-d0e7419b35df	POLYGON ((519895.778 179006.316, 520259.425 17...
281	282	E09000019	Islington		531160	184645	-0.109900	51.54547	43a872fc-e401-45af-a2e6-3b2befc98837	POLYGON ((533382.221 185149.793, 533460.932 18...
282	283	E09000020	Kensington and Chelsea		525756	179054	-0.189780	51.49645	29dc7a0f-a487-4156-a842-975bea2a337d	POLYGON ((524997.314 181304.14, 525054.697 181...
283	284	E09000021	Kingston upon Thames		519508	167389	-0.283680	51.39296	1e70f43d-4ddf-47dc-88bb-4df2efbfcafc	POLYGON ((521459.843 171478.421, 521826.419 16...
284	285	E09000022	Lambeth		531118	175629	-0.113850	51.46445	9143bbc4-6bda-4e17-8148-cae2813f694d	POLYGON ((532100.59 176565.764, 532344.012 176...
285	286	E09000023	Lewisham		537888	173343	-0.017340	51.44230	99f48b46-bb26-47d7-8c90-bab1eeba4425	POLYGON ((537679.378 177411.633, 537413.712 17...
286	287	E09000024	Merton		526068	169508	-0.188690	51.41059	2e85b11a-12d0-45c2-862c-ffd0dce83b1a	POLYGON ((525905.297 172806.749, 525935.341 17...
287	288	E09000025	Newham		540713	183346	0.027261	51.53150	70e80979-1178-4228-9ae5-2e8d09e17e69	POLYGON ((542212.705 187007.618, 542916.164 18...
288	289	E09000026	Redbridge		543512	189477	0.070085	51.58588	947652cf-8d04-498f-aeac-8cb34f1052d8	POLYGON ((540036.316 194159.705, 541389.816 19...
289	290	E09000027	Richmond upon Thames		519005	172650	-0.289140	51.44035	533a2a77-3779-4660-b9de-90d93540ee21	POLYGON ((522825.468 176226.515, 522800.098 17...
290	291	E09000028	Southwark		533945	175869	-0.073090	51.46595	7d09d625-212a-4819-9b12-36c8d8d2b697	POLYGON ((533994.516 179939.606, 533814.438 17...
291	292	E09000029	Sutton		527357	163639	-0.172270	51.35755	1b5d57bc-1cb5-43e1-85ba-3bb45da0b7cc	POLYGON ((527423.64 167442.817, 527757.283 167...
292	293	E09000030	Tower Hamlets		536340	181452	-0.036480	51.51555	54f82e61-dc15-42cb-b777-681b4326f855	POLYGON ((536480.759 184698.334, 536779.206 18...
293	294	E09000031	Waltham Forest		537328	190278	-0.018800	51.59462	97cd624f-2c02-4f12-a78e-7aedc777673f	POLYGON ((539923.888 193889.058, 539562.889 19...
294	295	E09000032	Wandsworth		525152	174138	-0.200220	51.45240	9c51587a-4315-449d-bcc7-e65625e402f7	POLYGON ((528637.184 175213.943, 528758.922 17...
295	296	E09000033	Westminster		528268	180871	-0.152950	51.51222	a52ff0f8-4ac0-4417-8338-01be3cbb516a	POLYGON ((526773.283 183663.262, 527373.359 18...

gdf_uk_london.plot(figsize=(6, 6), edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

# We can check the CRS of the London local authority boundaries again.
gdf_uk_london.crs == gdf_ccz.crs

True

Intersection

In this case, we would like to create a new layer that contains only the areas of the LAs in London that are within the CCZ boundary. This is done by performing an intersection operation between the two geo-dfs (two layers).

# Perform intersection operation between London LA boundaries and CCZ boundary.
gdf_ccz_la = gpd.overlay(gdf_ccz, gdf_uk_london, how='intersection')

# We can observe that there are 8 LAs in London that are within the CCZ boundary (8 rows in GeoDataFrame), and we generate 8 new areas (zones).)
gdf_ccz_la

	OBJECTID	BOUNDARY	Shape_Area	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID	geometry
0	1	CSS Area	21.375571	264	E09000001	City of London		532382	181358	-0.09352	51.51564	741710fd-03e1-4b41-8645-7ebcfc5961ac	POLYGON ((533743.557 181237.75, 533747.759 181...
1	1	CSS Area	21.375571	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4	POLYGON ((528914.128 182173.503, 528917.252 18...
2	1	CSS Area	21.375571	275	E09000012	Hackney		534560	185787	-0.06046	51.55493	a41cf0fc-95ed-4823-a9db-7b8bc60f421b	POLYGON ((532941.601 182534.749, 532960.103 18...
3	1	CSS Area	21.375571	282	E09000019	Islington		531160	184645	-0.10990	51.54547	43a872fc-e401-45af-a2e6-3b2befc98837	POLYGON ((531582.254 183032.797, 531584.653 18...
4	1	CSS Area	21.375571	285	E09000022	Lambeth		531118	175629	-0.11385	51.46445	9143bbc4-6bda-4e17-8148-cae2813f694d	POLYGON ((531750.948 178636.445, 531734.903 17...
5	1	CSS Area	21.375571	291	E09000028	Southwark		533945	175869	-0.07309	51.46595	7d09d625-212a-4819-9b12-36c8d8d2b697	POLYGON ((533584.147 180067.345, 533558.653 18...
6	1	CSS Area	21.375571	293	E09000030	Tower Hamlets		536340	181452	-0.03648	51.51555	54f82e61-dc15-42cb-b777-681b4326f855	MULTIPOLYGON (((533533.852 182103.403, 533568....
7	1	CSS Area	21.375571	296	E09000033	Westminster		528268	180871	-0.15295	51.51222	a52ff0f8-4ac0-4417-8338-01be3cbb516a	POLYGON ((530031.102 178265.801, 530007.101 17...

# We can plot the new 8 layers using the plot method.
# We can observe that some LA boundaries have been cut by the CCZ boundary.
gdf_ccz_la.plot(figsize=(6, 6), edgecolor='grey', color='orange', alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

Union

In this case, we would like to create a new union layer that consists of Camden and CCZ. This is done by performing a union operation between the two geo-dfs (two layers).

# Select Camden LA boundary from the London LA boundaries.
gdf_camden = gdf_uk_london[gdf_uk_london['LAD24NM'] == 'Camden']
# plot the Camden LA boundary.
gdf_camden.plot(figsize=(6, 6), edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

# Perform union operation between Camden LA boundary and CCZ boundary.
gdf_union = gpd.overlay(gdf_camden, gdf_ccz, how='union')

# We can observe that there are 3 rows in the new GeoDataFrame.
gdf_union

	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID	OBJECTID	BOUNDARY	Shape_Area	geometry
0	270.0	E09000007	Camden		527491.0	184283.0	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4	1.0	CSS Area	21.375571	POLYGON ((530916.914 182414.861, 531556.915 18...
1	270.0	E09000007	Camden		527491.0	184283.0	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4	NaN	NaN	NaN	POLYGON ((529701.341 185186.66, 529818.726 184...
2	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	1.0	CSS Area	21.375571	POLYGON ((531582.254 183032.797, 531584.653 18...

We can observe that the new union zone consists of three parts/ areas:

1. Camden area that is not in CCZ.

2. CCZ that is not in Camden LA boundary.

3. The intersected area that is both in Camden LA boundary and CCZ boundary.

# plot each area in the new union zone.
for i in range(len(gdf_union)):
    gdf_union.iloc[[i]].plot(figsize=(3, 3), edgecolor='grey', color='orange', alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

Symmetric difference

In this case, we would like to create a new layer that consists of the areas of Camden and CCZ that are not in common. This is done by performing a symmetric difference operation between the two geo-dfs (two layers).

# Perform a symmetric difference operation between Camden LA boundary and CCZ boundary.
gdf_sym_diff = gpd.overlay(gdf_camden, gdf_ccz, how='symmetric_difference')

# We can observe that there are 2 rows in the new GeoDataFrame.
gdf_sym_diff

	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID	OBJECTID	BOUNDARY	Shape_Area	geometry
0	270.0	E09000007	Camden		527491.0	184283.0	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4	NaN	NaN	NaN	POLYGON ((529701.341 185186.66, 529818.726 184...
1	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	NaN	1.0	CSS Area	21.375571	POLYGON ((531582.254 183032.797, 531584.653 18...

We can observe that the new zone consists of two parts/ areas:

1. Camden area that is not in CCZ.

2. CCZ area that is not in Camden LA boundary.

This means that symmetric difference only returns the two areas (which dorpping the intersected area) when compared to the union operation.

#  plot each area in the new zone.
for i in range(len(gdf_sym_diff)):
    gdf_sym_diff.iloc[[i]].plot(figsize=(3, 3), edgecolor='grey', color='orange', alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

Difference

In this case, we would like to create a new layer that consists of the areas of Camden that are not in CCZ. This is done by performing a different operation between the two geo-dfs (two layers).

# Perform a difference operation between Camden LA boundary and CCZ boundary.
gdf_diff_1 = gpd.overlay(gdf_camden, gdf_ccz, how='difference')

# plot the new zone.
gdf_diff_1.plot(figsize=(3, 3), edgecolor='grey', color='orange', alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

If we change the order of the gdfs in the fuction, we will get another new layrer that consists of the areas of CCZ that are not in Camden.

# Perform a difference operation between CCZ boundary and Camden LA boundary.
gdf_diff_2 = gpd.overlay(gdf_ccz, gdf_camden, how='difference')

# plot the new zone.
gdf_diff_2.plot(figsize=(3, 3), edgecolor='grey', color='orange', alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

There is a related function in geopandas called clip, check the documentation at here (click).

2.1.2 Dissolve/aggregation

Data aggregation is a process of combining multiple features into a single feature based on a common attribute. This is useful for simplifying the data and reducing the number of features in a GeoDataFrame. The dissolve method in Geopandas is used to perform data aggregation for geometric data.

We continue to use the London local authority boundaries and the CCZ boundary. Frist, We will dissolve the 33 London local authority boundaries to one whole London boundary using the dissolve method.

# Dissolve the London local authority boundaries to one whole London boundary.
gdf_london_bound = gdf_uk_london.dissolve()

# We can observe that there is only one row in the new GeoDataFrame, we need to change the other attributes or just select the geometry column in the new GeoDataFrame as well.
gdf_london_bound

	geometry	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID
0	POLYGON ((528007.109 160148.702, 528072.716 16...	264	E09000001	City of London		532382	181358	-0.09352	51.51564	741710fd-03e1-4b41-8645-7ebcfc5961ac

# plot the new London boundary.
gdf_london_bound.plot(figsize=(6, 6), edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

Second, as we have already known that some LAs have the CCZ but some are not, so we can dissolve the LAs to two big boundaries:

1. LAs that are intersected with (or have) CCZ.

2. LAs that are not intersected with (or do not have) CCZ.

# You need to recap the intersection operation in the previous section as we got 8 LAs that are intersected with CCZ.
# The list of LAs that are intersected with CCZ.
la_ccz_list = gdf_ccz_la['LAD24NM'].unique()

# we need to create a new column in the London local authority boundaries to indicate whether the LA is intersected with CCZ or not.
gdf_uk_london['intersected'] = gdf_uk_london['LAD24NM'].apply(lambda x: 'intersected' if x in la_ccz_list else 'not_intersected')

# check the results
gdf_uk_london['intersected'].value_counts()

intersected
not_intersected    25
intersected         8
Name: count, dtype: int64

# Dissolve the London local authority boundaries based on the new column 'intersected'.
gdf_london_la_ccz = gdf_uk_london.dissolve(by='intersected')

# We can observe that there are 2 rows (two areas) in the new GeoDataFrame.
gdf_london_la_ccz

	geometry	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID
intersected
intersected	MULTIPOLYGON (((531786.297 170988.473, 531320....	264	E09000001	City of London		532382	181358	-0.093520	51.51564	741710fd-03e1-4b41-8645-7ebcfc5961ac
not_intersected	POLYGON ((528007.109 160148.702, 528072.716 16...	265	E09000002	Barking and Dagenham		547757	185111	0.129479	51.54556	a2f59957-115c-478b-8c27-5162ee915dc7

# select the necessary columns in the new GeoDataFrame.
gdf_london_la_ccz = gdf_london_la_ccz[['geometry',]].reset_index()
gdf_london_la_ccz

	intersected	geometry
0	intersected	MULTIPOLYGON (((531786.297 170988.473, 531320....
1	not_intersected	POLYGON ((528007.109 160148.702, 528072.716 16...

# plot the new GeoDataFrame.
gdf_london_la_ccz.plot(figsize=(6, 6), edgecolor='grey', color=['orange', 'skyblue'], alpha=0.7, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

2.1.3 Buffer analysis

A buffer is a zone around a geometric object that is used to create a new area with a specified distance from the original feature. The buffer method in Geopandas is used to create a buffer around a point, line, or polygon. Buffer analysis is popular and useful in many applications, such as environmental studies, urban planning, and transportation analysis.

We continue to stick to the London areas, and we introduce two datasets in this section: First is the London cycle routes, which is a LineString layer. The second is the London Underground station locations, which is a point layer. We will create a buffer around the cycle routes and the underground stations to create new buffer areas for analysis.

Buffer of linestring

# Read the London cycle routes in geojson format.
gdf_cycle_routes = gpd.read_file("data/Cycle_Routes.geojson")

# We can observe that there are 166 cycle routes (or segments).
gdf_cycle_routes

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID	Shape__Length	geometry
0	C38	Cycleways	Finsbury Park to Highbury Fields	Islington to Finsbury	(SG2) Option Selection	Feasibility	Yes	0.566	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1991	565.899062	LINESTRING Z (-0.11025 51.529 0, -0.1103 51.52...
1	C48	Cycleways	Brixton to Clapham High Street	Brixton to Clapham High Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.315	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1992	1315.182747	LINESTRING Z (-0.11475 51.46328 0, -0.11458 51...
2	C44	Cycleways	Pembridge Square to Meanwhile Gardens	Pembridge Square to Meanwhile Gardens	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.296	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1993	2295.837258	MULTILINESTRING Z ((-0.20319 51.51629 0, -0.20...
3	C43	Future Routes	Hyde Park to Paddington	Hyde Park to Paddington	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.757	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1994	757.198071	MULTILINESTRING Z ((-0.16325 51.51393 0, -0.16...
4	C41	Cycleways	Euston to Holborn	Euston to Holborn	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.181	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1995	1180.878708	LINESTRING Z (-0.12373 51.52611 0, -0.12331 51...
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
161	C10	Cycleways	Blomsbury to Embankment	Blomsbury to Embankment	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.421	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2152	1420.613731	MULTILINESTRING Z ((-0.11858 51.50975 0, -0.11...
162	C	Cycleways	Elephant and Castle to Hampstead	Castlehaven Grafton Road	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.833	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2153	1832.819766	LINESTRING Z (-0.15988 51.55558 0, -0.15913 51...
163	C40	Cycleways	Brentford to Twickenham	Brentford to Twickenham	Complete	Complete	Yes	4.291	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2154	4291.196598	LINESTRING Z (-0.33154 51.45099 0, -0.33132 51...
164	C4	Cycleways	London Bridge to Rotherhithe Roundabout	Rotherhithe Roundabout to Lewisham	(SG5) Delivery	In Progress	Yes	1.335	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2155	1335.083915	LINESTRING Z (-0.04217 51.49002 0, -0.04295 51...
165	C39	Cycleways	Kensington High St to Shepherds Bush	Kensington High St to Shepherds Bush	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.151	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2156	1151.249368	LINESTRING Z (-0.20691 51.4963 0, -0.20774 51....

166 rows × 12 columns

# Please note that the rounte name is not unique, which means that the same route name can be used in different linestring segments.
# For example, the route name 'Waterloo to Clapham' is used in 6 segments.
gdf_cycle_routes.ROUTE_NAME.value_counts()

ROUTE_NAME
Hammersmith to Hounslow                 10
Waterloo to Clapham                      6
Elephant and Castle to Hampstead         5
Finsbury Park to Highbury Fields         3
Victoria Park to Barkingside             3
                                        ..
Grand Union Canal                        1
Haggerston to Dalston                    1
LSP Kings Cross to Camden Road           1
Peckham Rye Links                        1
Kensington High St to Shepherds Bush     1
Name: count, Length: 116, dtype: int64

# We transfer the CRS of the cycle routes from WGS 84 to OSGB 1936 / British National Grid.
gdf_cycle_routes = gdf_cycle_routes.to_crs(epsg=27700)

# We can plot the cycle routes in London, we can add the whole London boundary to the plot as well.
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_london_bound.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.4, linewidth=0.4)
gdf_cycle_routes.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='green', alpha=0.7, linewidth=1)
ax.set_axis_off()

# We only select one route OBJECTID is 2096 from the 'Waterloo to Clapham' route name.
gdf_cr_s = gdf_cycle_routes[gdf_cycle_routes['OBJECTID'] == 2096]
gdf_cr_s

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID	Shape__Length	geometry
105	C5	Cycleways	Waterloo to Clapham	Waterloo to Clapham	Complete	Complete	Yes	5.814	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2096	5814.364404	LINESTRING Z (528800.09 174090.413 0, 528776.0...

# We can plot the selected route.
gdf_cr_s.plot(edgecolor='grey', color='green', alpha=1, linewidth=3)

<Axes: >

# Then we create a buffer around the selected route with a distance of 500 meters (as we have transferred the CRS to OSGB so the measurement unit is metre).
cr_s_buffer_500 = gdf_cr_s.buffer(500)

# we can observe that the buffer is a polygon layer.
cr_s_buffer_500

105    POLYGON ((528187.268 174633.775, 528216.987 17...
dtype: geometry

# the output is geoseries not geodataframe
type(cr_s_buffer_500)

geopandas.geoseries.GeoSeries

# Plot the route and the buffer.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_cr_s.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='green', alpha=1, linewidth=3)
cr_s_buffer_500.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.4, linewidth=0.4)

<Axes: >

Buffer of Point

# We read the London Underground station locations in geojson format.
gdf_underground = gpd.read_file("data/Underground_Stations.geojson")

# We can observe that there are 273 underground stations in London.
gdf_underground.head(10)

	OBJECTID	NAME	LINES	ATCOCODE	MODES	ACCESSIBILITY	NIGHT_TUBE	NETWORK	DATASET_LAST_UPDATED	FULL_NAME	geometry
0	111	St. Paul's	Central	940GZZLUSPU	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	St. Paul's station	POINT Z (-0.09749 51.51495 0)
1	112	Mile End	District, Hammersmith & City, Central	940GZZLUMED	bus, tube	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Mile End station	POINT Z (-0.03374 51.52524 0)
2	113	Bethnal Green	Central	940GZZLUBLG	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Bethnal Green station	POINT Z (-0.05466 51.52724 0)
3	114	Leyton	Central	940GZZLULYN	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Leyton station	POINT Z (-0.00546 51.55661 0)
4	115	Snaresbrook	Central	940GZZLUSNB	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Snaresbrook station	POINT Z (0.02142 51.58068 0)
5	116	Leytonstone	Central	940GZZLULYS	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Leytonstone station	POINT Z (0.00821 51.56832 0)
6	117	Wanstead	Central	940GZZLUWSD	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Wanstead station	POINT Z (0.02865 51.5756 0)
7	118	South Woodford	Central	940GZZLUSWF	bus, tube	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	South Woodford station	POINT Z (0.02739 51.59189 0)
8	119	Newbury Park	Central	940GZZLUNBP	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Newbury Park station	POINT Z (0.08995 51.57571 0)
9	120	Barkingside	Central	940GZZLUBKE	tube, bus	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Barkingside station	POINT Z (0.08865 51.5857 0)

# We need to transfer the CRS of the underground stations from WGS 84 to OSGB 1936 / British National Grid.
gdf_underground = gdf_underground.to_crs(epsg=27700)

# Plot the underground stations in London, we can add the whole London boundary to the plot as well.
# Some underground stations are located outside the London Boundary.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_london_bound.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.4, linewidth=0.4)
gdf_underground.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='red', alpha=0.7, lw=0.5, markersize=5)
ax.set_axis_off()

# We select the stations of the 'Victoria' line.
# Please note we cannot use the '==' to select the stations of the 'Victoria' line as some stations are in multiple underground lines.
gdf_underground_victoria = gdf_underground[gdf_underground['LINES'].str.contains('Victoria')]

# We can observe that there are 16 underground stations in the 'Victoria' line.
gdf_underground_victoria

	OBJECTID	NAME	LINES	ATCOCODE	MODES	ACCESSIBILITY	NIGHT_TUBE	NETWORK	DATASET_LAST_UPDATED	FULL_NAME	geometry
56	167	King's Cross St. Pancras	Metropolitan, Northern, Piccadilly, Circle, Vi...	940GZZLUKSX	tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	King's Cross St. Pancras station	POINT Z (530174.81 182874.778 0)
74	185	Victoria	District, Circle, Victoria	940GZZLUVIC	tube	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Victoria station	POINT Z (528998.784 179129.938 0)
75	186	Brixton	Victoria	940GZZLUBXN	tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Brixton station	POINT Z (531052.394 175428.659 0)
76	187	Pimlico	Victoria	940GZZLUPCO	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Pimlico station	POINT Z (529670.659 178332.6 0)
77	188	Vauxhall	Victoria	940GZZLUVXL	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Vauxhall station	POINT Z (530336.807 177973.008 0)
78	189	Warren Street	Northern, Victoria	940GZZLUWRR	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Warren Street station	POINT Z (529248.757 182266.037 0)
99	210	Oxford Circus	Central, Bakerloo, Victoria	940GZZLUOXC	tube, bus	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Oxford Circus station	POINT Z (529046.627 181236.34 0)
131	242	Highbury & Islington	Victoria	940GZZLUHAI	tube	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Highbury & Islington station	POINT Z (531583.282 184873.938 0)
132	243	Blackhorse Road	Victoria	940GZZLUBLR	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Blackhorse Road station	POINT Z (535760.641 189370.301 0)
133	244	Tottenham Hale	Victoria	940GZZLUTMH	tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Tottenham Hale station	POINT Z (534484.464 189470.718 0)
174	285	Euston	Northern, Victoria	940GZZLUEUS	tube	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Euston station	POINT Z (529498.332 182668.253 0)
178	289	Walthamstow Central	Victoria	940GZZLUWWL	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Walthamstow Central station	POINT Z (537176.489 188994.337 0)
182	293	Green Park	Piccadilly, Victoria, Jubilee	940GZZLUGPK	bus, tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Green Park station	POINT Z (529007.243 180294.838 0)
183	294	Finsbury Park	Piccadilly, Victoria	940GZZLUFPK	tube	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Finsbury Park station	POINT Z (531329.899 186775.337 0)
184	295	Stockwell	Northern, Victoria	940GZZLUSKW	bus, tube	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Stockwell station	POINT Z (530460.348 176432.891 0)
268	483	Seven Sisters	Victoria	940GZZLUSVS	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Seven Sisters station	POINT Z (533642.911 188930.916 0)

# We can plot the selected stations.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_london_bound.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.4, linewidth=0.4)
gdf_underground_victoria.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='red', alpha=0.7, lw=0.5, markersize=5)

<Axes: >

# We create a buffer around the selected stations with a distance of 500 meters.
underground_victoria_buffer = gdf_underground_victoria.buffer(500)

# We can observe that the buffer is a polygon layer.
underground_victoria_buffer

56     POLYGON ((530674.81 182874.778, 530672.403 182...
74     POLYGON ((529498.784 179129.938, 529496.377 17...
75     POLYGON ((531552.394 175428.659, 531549.987 17...
76     POLYGON ((530170.659 178332.6, 530168.251 1782...
77     POLYGON ((530836.807 177973.008, 530834.4 1779...
78     POLYGON ((529748.757 182266.037, 529746.35 182...
99     POLYGON ((529546.627 181236.34, 529544.219 181...
131    POLYGON ((532083.282 184873.938, 532080.874 18...
132    POLYGON ((536260.641 189370.301, 536258.233 18...
133    POLYGON ((534984.464 189470.718, 534982.056 18...
174    POLYGON ((529998.332 182668.253, 529995.925 18...
178    POLYGON ((537676.489 188994.337, 537674.081 18...
182    POLYGON ((529507.243 180294.838, 529504.835 18...
183    POLYGON ((531829.899 186775.337, 531827.492 18...
184    POLYGON ((530960.348 176432.891, 530957.94 176...
268    POLYGON ((534142.911 188930.916, 534140.504 18...
dtype: geometry

# Plot the underground stations and the buffers.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_underground_victoria.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='red', alpha=1, lw=0.5, markersize=5)
underground_victoria_buffer.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.4, linewidth=0.4)
ax.set_axis_off()

2.2 Spatial Join

Like the merge function in Pandas, Geopandas Spatial join is a process of combining two GeoDataFrames based on their spatial relationship. This is useful for analyzing the relationship between different layers and types of geospatial data. For example, we can use spatial join to combine a large dataset of points with polygons to find out which points are within which polygons.

As part of data merging techniques in Geopandas, you can find more info on this page. Please note that the spatial join is different from the overlay operation, which creates a new layer based on the intersection of two layers. The spatial join only combines the attributes of the two layers based on their spatial relationship.

The default spatial index in GeoPandas currently supports the following values for predicate parameter which are defined in the Shapely documentation:

Method	Description
intersects	Returns all geometries that intersect with the other geometry.
contains	Returns all geometries that contain the other geometry.
within	Returns all geometries that are within the other geometry. Inverse of contains.
crosses	Returns all geometries that cross the other geometry (share some but not all points).
touches	Returns all geometries that touch (are adjacent to) the other geometry.

how parameter in spatial join is same as the Pandas which control which keys to include in the resulting DataFrame.

Merge Method	SQL Join Name	Description
left	LEFT OUTER JOIN	Use keys from left frame only
right	RIGHT OUTER JOIN	Use keys from right frame only
outer	FULL OUTER JOIN	Use union of keys from both frames
inner	INNER JOIN	Use intersection of keys from both frames
cross	CROSS JOIN	Create the cartesian product of rows of both frames

Here, we will use the London dataset use to demonstrate the spatial join operation. First, we will perform a spatial join between the CCZ zone and London Underground stations to find out which underground stations are within the CCZ zone.

# Perform a spatial join between London Underground stations and CCZ zone.
gdf_ccz_underground = gpd.sjoin(gdf_underground, gdf_ccz, how='inner', predicate='within')

Please note that how parameter is set to ‘inner,’ which means that only the stations that are within the CCZ area will be returned.

The predicate parameter is set to within which means that only the stations (left gdf) that are within the CCZ (right gdf) will be returned.

If we set how parameter to left (LEFT OUTER JOIN), all the stations will be returned, but only the stations that are within the CCZ will have the CCZ attributes.

If we set how parameter to right (RIGHT OUTER JOIN), all the CCZ zones will be returned, but only the CCZ that has the underground stations will have the underground station attributes.

# We can observe that there are 37 underground stations that are within the CCZ zone.
gdf_ccz_underground

	OBJECTID_left	NAME	LINES	ATCOCODE	MODES	ACCESSIBILITY	NIGHT_TUBE	NETWORK	DATASET_LAST_UPDATED	FULL_NAME	geometry	index_right	OBJECTID_right	BOUNDARY	Shape_Area
0	111	St. Paul's	Central	940GZZLUSPU	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	St. Paul's station	POINT Z (532108.364 181274.192 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
36	147	Leicester Square	Piccadilly, Northern	940GZZLULSQ	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Leicester Square station	POINT Z (529980.442 180824.485 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
37	148	Covent Garden	Piccadilly	940GZZLUCGN	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Covent Garden station	POINT Z (530250.619 181025.007 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
38	149	Russell Square	Piccadilly	940GZZLURSQ	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Russell Square station	POINT Z (530229.106 182127.727 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
46	157	Temple	District, Circle	940GZZLUTMP	tube, bus	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Temple station	POINT Z (530958.673 180802.833 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
47	158	Blackfriars	District, Circle	940GZZLUBKF	tube	Fully Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Blackfriars station	POINT Z (531693.89 180893.089 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
48	159	Mansion House	District, Circle	940GZZLUMSH	tube, bus	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Mansion House station	POINT Z (532354.181 180931.566 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
49	160	Cannon Street	District, Circle	940GZZLUCST	tube	Partially Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Cannon Street station	POINT Z (532611.488 180900.068 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
50	161	Tower Hill	District, Circle	940GZZLUTWH	tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Tower Hill station	POINT Z (533579.46 180755.388 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
51	162	Aldgate	Metropolitan, Circle	940GZZLUALD	bus, tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Aldgate station	POINT Z (533613.164 181262.299 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
52	163	Liverpool Street	Metropolitan, Central, Circle, Hammersmith & City	940GZZLULVT	tube	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Liverpool Street station	POINT Z (533093.866 181566.922 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
53	164	Moorgate	Metropolitan, Northern, Circle, Hammersmith & ...	940GZZLUMGT	tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Moorgate station	POINT Z (532667.838 181668.248 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
54	165	Barbican	Metropolitan, Circle, Hammersmith & City	940GZZLUBBN	tube, bus	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Barbican station	POINT Z (532004.215 181856.333 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
55	166	Farringdon	Metropolitan, Circle, Hammersmith & City	940GZZLUFCN	tube	Fully Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Farringdon station	POINT Z (531560.011 181873.93 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
78	189	Warren Street	Northern, Victoria	940GZZLUWRR	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Warren Street station	POINT Z (529248.757 182266.037 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
92	203	Marble Arch	Central	940GZZLUMBA	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Marble Arch station	POINT Z (527960.144 181017.479 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
93	204	Bond Street	Central, Jubilee	940GZZLUBND	tube, bus	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Bond Street station	POINT Z (528490.686 181117.639 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
98	209	Bank	Waterloo & City, Northern, Central	940GZZLUBNK	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Bank station	POINT Z (532710.168 181119.901 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
99	210	Oxford Circus	Central, Bakerloo, Victoria	940GZZLUOXC	tube, bus	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Oxford Circus station	POINT Z (529046.627 181236.34 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
100	211	Holborn	Central, Piccadilly	940GZZLUHBN	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Holborn station	POINT Z (530512.074 181525.075 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
101	212	Chancery Lane	Central	940GZZLUCHL	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Chancery Lane station	POINT Z (531123.959 181615.469 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
118	229	Goodge Street	Northern	940GZZLUGDG	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Goodge Street station	POINT Z (529537.286 181836.596 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
119	230	Tottenham Court Road	Central, Northern	940GZZLUTCR	bus, tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Tottenham Court Road station	POINT Z (529815.394 181382.5 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
148	259	Embankment	District, Bakerloo, Northern, Circle	940GZZLUEMB	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Embankment station	POINT Z (530419.337 180395.875 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
157	268	Piccadilly Circus	Bakerloo, Piccadilly	940GZZLUPCC	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Piccadilly Circus station	POINT Z (529612.657 180665.533 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
158	269	Charing Cross	Bakerloo, Northern	940GZZLUCHX	tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Charing Cross station	POINT Z (530057.711 180378.385 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
159	270	Elephant & Castle	Northern, Bakerloo	940GZZLUEAC	tube	Partially Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Elephant & Castle station	POINT Z (531908.977 179141.89 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
160	271	Lambeth North	Bakerloo	940GZZLULBN	bus, tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Lambeth North station	POINT Z (531133.594 179456.196 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
172	283	Westminster	District, Circle, Jubilee	940GZZLUWSM	tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Westminster station	POINT Z (530195.685 179668.229 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
175	286	Waterloo	Waterloo & City, Bakerloo, Northern, Jubilee	940GZZLUWLO	tube	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Waterloo station	POINT Z (530968.192 179961.919 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
182	293	Green Park	Piccadilly, Victoria, Jubilee	940GZZLUGPK	bus, tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Green Park station	POINT Z (529007.243 180294.838 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
222	333	Southwark	Jubilee	940GZZLUSWK	bus, tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Southwark station	POINT Z (531592.354 180073.994 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
223	334	London Bridge	Northern, Jubilee	940GZZLULNB	tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	London Bridge station	POINT Z (532683.06 180188.856 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
231	387	Monument	District, Circle	940GZZLUMMT	tube, bus	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Monument station	POINT Z (532911.932 180824.079 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
242	398	St. James's Park	District, Circle	940GZZLUSJP	tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	St. James's Park station	POINT Z (529646.618 179498.077 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
264	479	Borough	Northern	940GZZLUBOR	bus, tube	Partially Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Borough station	POINT Z (532439.975 179751.465 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
265	480	Old Street	Northern	940GZZLUODS	tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Old Street station	POINT Z (532764.463 182418.815 0)	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571

# We can plot the underground stations and the CCZ zone.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_ccz.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='black', color='#fff2f2', alpha=1, linewidth=0.6)
gdf_ccz_underground.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='royalblue', alpha=1, linewidth=0.4, markersize=15)
ax.set_axis_off()

Second, we can also perform a spatial join between the London cycle routes and the CCZ to find out which cycle routes are within the CCZ zone.

# Perform a spatial join between London cycle routes and CCZ zone.
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes = gpd.sjoin(gdf_cycle_routes, gdf_ccz, how='inner', predicate='within')

# We can observe that there are 13 cycle routes that are within the CCZ zone.
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID_left	Shape__Length	geometry	index_right	OBJECTID_right	BOUNDARY	Shape_Area
4	C41	Cycleways	Euston to Holborn	Euston to Holborn	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.181	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1995	1180.878708	LINESTRING Z (530256.221 182467.95 0, 530287.0...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
11	C56	Cycleways	C5 to Westmister Bridge	C5 to Westmister Bridge	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.196	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2002	1196.244254	MULTILINESTRING Z ((530953.012 179173.003 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
26	C	Cycle Superhighways	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Horse Guards Road	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.336	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2017	1336.495364	LINESTRING Z (529902.012 179698.003 0, 529901....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
40	C	Cycleways	Lambeth Roundabout to P.Square	Lambeth Roundabout to P.Square	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.598	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2031	598.403380	LINESTRING Z (530153.625 179582.183 0, 530158....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
42	C11	Cycleways	Essex Road to Farringdon	The City to Farringdon	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.243	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2033	1243.120260	LINESTRING Z (532589.5 181938.471 0, 532573.01...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
50	C	Cycleways	C1 to Liverpool Street	C1 to Liverpool Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.525	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2041	524.539812	LINESTRING Z (532943.013 181895.004 0, 533034....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
73	C	Cycleways	Lambeth Roundabout - North & South	Lambeth Roundabout - North & South	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.519	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2064	519.098639	LINESTRING Z (530529.705 178938.867 0, 530530....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
103	C	Central London Grid	Fitzrovia to Soho	Fitzrovia to Soho	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.942	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2094	942.260282	LINESTRING Z (529476.013 181246.003 25.5, 5295...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
110	C	Central London Grid	Fitzrovia to Soho	Fitzrovia to Soho	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.365	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2101	365.025555	LINESTRING Z (529359.013 181642.003 28.4, 5293...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
117	C	Cycleways	C4 to C14 and C10	C4 to C14 and C10	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.377	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2108	377.333957	LINESTRING Z (533000.012 179343.004 0, 532947....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
118	C	Cycleways	Waterloo Bridge	Waterloo Bridge	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.491	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2109	490.560628	LINESTRING Z (530689.012 180675.004 0, 530939....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
138	C	Cycleways	Old Paradise Street	Old Paradise Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.317	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2129	316.683268	LINESTRING Z (530821.012 178867.003 0, 530813....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
161	C10	Cycleways	Blomsbury to Embankment	Blomsbury to Embankment	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.421	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2152	1420.613731	MULTILINESTRING Z ((530660.012 180658.004 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571

# We can plot the cycle routes and the CCZ zone.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_ccz.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='black', color='#fff2f2', alpha=1, linewidth=0.6)
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='royalblue', alpha=1, linewidth=2)
ax.set_axis_off()

Third, we can also perform a spatial join between the London cycle routes and the CCZ to find out which cycle routes are intersected with the CCZ zone.

# Perform a spatial join between London cycle routes and CCZ zone.
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes_intersect = gpd.sjoin(gdf_cycle_routes, gdf_ccz, how='inner', predicate='intersects')

# We can observe that there are 33 cycle routes that are intersected with the CCZ zone.
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes_intersect

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID_left	Shape__Length	geometry	index_right	OBJECTID_right	BOUNDARY	Shape_Area
0	C38	Cycleways	Finsbury Park to Highbury Fields	Islington to Finsbury	(SG2) Option Selection	Feasibility	Yes	0.566	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1991	565.899062	LINESTRING Z (531183.013 182813.004 0, 531178....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
4	C41	Cycleways	Euston to Holborn	Euston to Holborn	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.181	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1995	1180.878708	LINESTRING Z (530256.221 182467.95 0, 530287.0...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
11	C56	Cycleways	C5 to Westmister Bridge	C5 to Westmister Bridge	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.196	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2002	1196.244254	MULTILINESTRING Z ((530953.012 179173.003 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
15	C6	Cycleways	Elephant and Castle to Hampstead	Elephant and Castle to Kings Cross	Complete	Complete	Yes	7.944	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2006	7944.208889	MULTILINESTRING Z ((531907.151 179051.998 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
21	CS7	Cycleways	Merton to The City	Merton to The City	Complete	Complete	Yes	12.525	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2012	12525.201532	MULTILINESTRING Z ((526716.139 170267.543 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
22	C3	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Complete	Complete	Yes	22.425	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2013	22425.196420	LINESTRING Z (545213.627 183267.215 0, 545181....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
26	C	Cycle Superhighways	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Horse Guards Road	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.336	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2017	1336.495364	LINESTRING Z (529902.012 179698.003 0, 529901....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
27	C8	Cycleways	Wandsworth to Lambeth Bridge	Wandsworth to Battersea Park	Complete	Complete	Yes	3.288	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2018	3284.253577	MULTILINESTRING Z ((530244.703 178963.655 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
35	C5	Cycleways	Waterloo to Clapham	Waterloo to Clapham	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.076	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2026	2076.093601	LINESTRING Z (530517.627 178020.692 0, 530519....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
40	C	Cycleways	Lambeth Roundabout to P.Square	Lambeth Roundabout to P.Square	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.598	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2031	598.403380	LINESTRING Z (530153.625 179582.183 0, 530158....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
41	C	Cycleways	Marylbone Road to Oxford Street	Marylbone Road to Oxford Street	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.905	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2032	905.142174	MULTILINESTRING Z ((528932.381 181516.591 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
42	C11	Cycleways	Essex Road to Farringdon	The City to Farringdon	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.243	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2033	1243.120260	LINESTRING Z (532589.5 181938.471 0, 532573.01...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
49	C	Cycleways	Waterloo to Clapham	C5 to C14 - The Cut_Union Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.224	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2040	2224.308731	MULTILINESTRING Z ((531313.012 179849.003 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
50	C	Cycleways	C1 to Liverpool Street	C1 to Liverpool Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.525	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2041	524.539812	LINESTRING Z (532943.013 181895.004 0, 533034....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
54	C52	Quietways	Covent Garden to Euston	Covent Garden to Euston	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.561	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2045	2560.879009	MULTILINESTRING Z ((530689.012 180675.004 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
55	C4	Cycleways	London Bridge to Rotherhithe Roundabout	London Bridge to Rotherhithe Roundabout	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.998	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2046	2997.526255	MULTILINESTRING Z ((533882.927 179664.769 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
72	C	Cycleways	C2 to C3 via Mansell Street	Mansell Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.499	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2063	498.680116	MULTILINESTRING Z ((533824.899 180911.007 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
73	C	Cycleways	Lambeth Roundabout - North & South	Lambeth Roundabout - North & South	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.519	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2064	519.098639	LINESTRING Z (530529.705 178938.867 0, 530530....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
77	C1	Cycleways	Freezey Water to The City	Freezey Water to The City	Complete	Complete	Yes	20.165	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2068	20164.517337	MULTILINESTRING Z ((533372.013 185167.475 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
81	C2	Cycleways	Aldgate to Stratford	Aldgate to Stratford	Complete	Complete	Yes	6.370	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2072	6369.852153	LINESTRING Z (533742.047 181260.481 0, 533770....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
82	C17	Cycleways	Elephant and Castle to Dulwich	Elephant and Castle to Camberwell	Complete	Complete	Yes	4.002	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2073	4001.525575	MULTILINESTRING Z ((533053.013 176407.005 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
83	C14	Cycleways	Blackfriars to Rotherhithe	Blackfriars to Rotherhithe	Complete	Complete	Yes	6.995	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2074	6994.926446	LINESTRING Z (536851.344 178582.957 0, 536806....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
103	C	Central London Grid	Fitzrovia to Soho	Fitzrovia to Soho	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.942	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2094	942.260282	LINESTRING Z (529476.013 181246.003 25.5, 5295...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
109	C51	Central London Grid	Marylebone to Kilburn	Marylebone to Kilburn	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	3.296	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2100	3266.659774	MULTILINESTRING Z ((525973.014 183317.004 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
110	C	Central London Grid	Fitzrovia to Soho	Fitzrovia to Soho	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.365	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2101	365.025555	LINESTRING Z (529359.013 181642.003 28.4, 5293...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
113	C27	Quietways	East Acton to Walthamstow	East Acton to Walthamstow	Complete	Complete	Yes	8.679	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2104	8678.992253	MULTILINESTRING Z ((530915.411 182414.783 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
114	C27	Cycleways	East Acton to Walthamstow	East Acton to Walthamstow	Complete	Complete	Yes	16.363	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2105	16363.310394	MULTILINESTRING Z ((525556.013 180543.005 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
117	C	Cycleways	C4 to C14 and C10	C4 to C14 and C10	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.377	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2108	377.333957	LINESTRING Z (533000.012 179343.004 0, 532947....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
118	C	Cycleways	Waterloo Bridge	Waterloo Bridge	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.491	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2109	490.560628	LINESTRING Z (530689.012 180675.004 0, 530939....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
120	C	Cycleways	Oval to C5	Oval to C5	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.032	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2111	1032.298014	LINESTRING Z (530700.012 178648.003 0, 530744....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
126	C10	Cycleways	Waterloo to Greenwich	Waterloo to Greenwich	Complete	Complete	Yes	10.543	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2117	10542.684407	MULTILINESTRING Z ((534881.008 178422 0, 53489...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
138	C	Cycleways	Old Paradise Street	Old Paradise Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.317	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2129	316.683268	LINESTRING Z (530821.012 178867.003 0, 530813....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
139	C11	Cycleways	Essex Road to Farringdon	Essex Road to The City	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.123	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2130	2123.492454	LINESTRING Z (531859.147 183765.678 0, 532107....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
145	C13	Cycleways	Old Street to London Fields	Old Street to London Fields	Complete	Complete	Yes	3.184	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2136	3184.007679	MULTILINESTRING Z ((532565.261 182352.57 0, 53...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
161	C10	Cycleways	Blomsbury to Embankment	Blomsbury to Embankment	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.421	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2152	1420.613731	MULTILINESTRING Z ((530660.012 180658.004 0, 5...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571

We can observe that some cycle routes are not within the CCZ zone but they are intersected with the CCZ zone. This is because some cycle routes are represented by multilinestrings (even they are not connected).

# We can plot the cycle routes and the CCZ zone.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_ccz.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='black', color='#fff2f2', alpha=1, linewidth=0.6)
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes_intersect.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='royalblue', alpha=1, linewidth=1)
ax.set_axis_off()

Now, we only select the linestring from the multilinestring in cycle route then using spatial joins (intersect) with the CCZ.

# Select the linestring from the multilinestring in the cycle route.
gdf_cycle_routes_s = gdf_cycle_routes[gdf_cycle_routes['geometry'].type == 'LineString']

gdf_cycle_routes_s

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID	Shape__Length	geometry
0	C38	Cycleways	Finsbury Park to Highbury Fields	Islington to Finsbury	(SG2) Option Selection	Feasibility	Yes	0.566	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1991	565.899062	LINESTRING Z (531183.013 182813.004 0, 531178....
1	C48	Cycleways	Brixton to Clapham High Street	Brixton to Clapham High Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.315	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1992	1315.182747	LINESTRING Z (531059.242 175496.769 0, 531068....
4	C41	Cycleways	Euston to Holborn	Euston to Holborn	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.181	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1995	1180.878708	LINESTRING Z (530256.221 182467.95 0, 530287.0...
5	C55	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.723	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1996	723.280344	LINESTRING Z (526926.013 180815.005 0, 526936....
7	C49	Cycleways	Acton to Chiswick	Acton to Chiswick	Complete	Complete	Yes	4.210	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1998	4209.703771	LINESTRING Z (521096.17 178513.522 0, 521106.7...
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
160	C50	Cycleways	Camden Town to Finsbury Park	Camden Town to York Way	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.133	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2151	1132.913927	LINESTRING Z (529230.013 184130.004 28.3, 5292...
162	C	Cycleways	Elephant and Castle to Hampstead	Castlehaven Grafton Road	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.833	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2153	1832.819766	LINESTRING Z (527666.121 185680.674 0, 527717....
163	C40	Cycleways	Brentford to Twickenham	Brentford to Twickenham	Complete	Complete	Yes	4.291	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2154	4291.196598	LINESTRING Z (516031.691 173764.752 0, 516046....
164	C4	Cycleways	London Bridge to Rotherhithe Roundabout	Rotherhithe Roundabout to Lewisham	(SG5) Delivery	In Progress	Yes	1.335	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2155	1335.083915	LINESTRING Z (536021.013 178603.004 0, 535965....
165	C39	Cycleways	Kensington High St to Shepherds Bush	Kensington High St to Shepherds Bush	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.151	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2156	1151.249368	LINESTRING Z (524567.603 179008.18 0, 524508.3...

123 rows × 12 columns

# spatial join between the linestring and CCZ zone.
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes_intersect_linestring = gpd.sjoin(gdf_cycle_routes_s, gdf_ccz, how='inner', predicate='intersects')

# We can observe that there are 17 cycle routes that are intersected with the CCZ zone.
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes_intersect_linestring

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID_left	Shape__Length	geometry	index_right	OBJECTID_right	BOUNDARY	Shape_Area
0	C38	Cycleways	Finsbury Park to Highbury Fields	Islington to Finsbury	(SG2) Option Selection	Feasibility	Yes	0.566	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1991	565.899062	LINESTRING Z (531183.013 182813.004 0, 531178....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
4	C41	Cycleways	Euston to Holborn	Euston to Holborn	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.181	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1995	1180.878708	LINESTRING Z (530256.221 182467.95 0, 530287.0...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
22	C3	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Complete	Complete	Yes	22.425	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2013	22425.196420	LINESTRING Z (545213.627 183267.215 0, 545181....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
26	C	Cycle Superhighways	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Horse Guards Road	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.336	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2017	1336.495364	LINESTRING Z (529902.012 179698.003 0, 529901....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
35	C5	Cycleways	Waterloo to Clapham	Waterloo to Clapham	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.076	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2026	2076.093601	LINESTRING Z (530517.627 178020.692 0, 530519....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
40	C	Cycleways	Lambeth Roundabout to P.Square	Lambeth Roundabout to P.Square	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.598	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2031	598.403380	LINESTRING Z (530153.625 179582.183 0, 530158....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
42	C11	Cycleways	Essex Road to Farringdon	The City to Farringdon	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.243	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2033	1243.120260	LINESTRING Z (532589.5 181938.471 0, 532573.01...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
50	C	Cycleways	C1 to Liverpool Street	C1 to Liverpool Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.525	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2041	524.539812	LINESTRING Z (532943.013 181895.004 0, 533034....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
73	C	Cycleways	Lambeth Roundabout - North & South	Lambeth Roundabout - North & South	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.519	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2064	519.098639	LINESTRING Z (530529.705 178938.867 0, 530530....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
81	C2	Cycleways	Aldgate to Stratford	Aldgate to Stratford	Complete	Complete	Yes	6.370	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2072	6369.852153	LINESTRING Z (533742.047 181260.481 0, 533770....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
83	C14	Cycleways	Blackfriars to Rotherhithe	Blackfriars to Rotherhithe	Complete	Complete	Yes	6.995	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2074	6994.926446	LINESTRING Z (536851.344 178582.957 0, 536806....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
103	C	Central London Grid	Fitzrovia to Soho	Fitzrovia to Soho	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.942	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2094	942.260282	LINESTRING Z (529476.013 181246.003 25.5, 5295...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
110	C	Central London Grid	Fitzrovia to Soho	Fitzrovia to Soho	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.365	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2101	365.025555	LINESTRING Z (529359.013 181642.003 28.4, 5293...	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
117	C	Cycleways	C4 to C14 and C10	C4 to C14 and C10	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.377	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2108	377.333957	LINESTRING Z (533000.012 179343.004 0, 532947....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
118	C	Cycleways	Waterloo Bridge	Waterloo Bridge	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.491	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2109	490.560628	LINESTRING Z (530689.012 180675.004 0, 530939....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
120	C	Cycleways	Oval to C5	Oval to C5	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.032	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2111	1032.298014	LINESTRING Z (530700.012 178648.003 0, 530744....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
138	C	Cycleways	Old Paradise Street	Old Paradise Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.317	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2129	316.683268	LINESTRING Z (530821.012 178867.003 0, 530813....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
139	C11	Cycleways	Essex Road to Farringdon	Essex Road to The City	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.123	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2130	2123.492454	LINESTRING Z (531859.147 183765.678 0, 532107....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571

# We can plot the cycle routes and the CCZ zone.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 8))
gdf_ccz.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='black', color='#fff2f2', alpha=1, linewidth=0.6)
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes_intersect_linestring.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='royalblue', alpha=1, linewidth=2)
ax.set_axis_off()

Then, we can also perform a spatial join between the London cycle routes (single linestrings) and the CCZ to find out which cycle routes are crosses the CCZ.

# Perform a spatial join between London cycle routes and CCZ.
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes_cross = gpd.sjoin(gdf_cycle_routes_s, gdf_ccz, how='inner', predicate='crosses')

# We can observe that there are 6 cycle routes that are crossed with the CCZ.
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes_cross

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID_left	Shape__Length	geometry	index_right	OBJECTID_right	BOUNDARY	Shape_Area
0	C38	Cycleways	Finsbury Park to Highbury Fields	Islington to Finsbury	(SG2) Option Selection	Feasibility	Yes	0.566	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1991	565.899062	LINESTRING Z (531183.013 182813.004 0, 531178....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
22	C3	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Complete	Complete	Yes	22.425	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2013	22425.196420	LINESTRING Z (545213.627 183267.215 0, 545181....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
35	C5	Cycleways	Waterloo to Clapham	Waterloo to Clapham	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.076	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2026	2076.093601	LINESTRING Z (530517.627 178020.692 0, 530519....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
81	C2	Cycleways	Aldgate to Stratford	Aldgate to Stratford	Complete	Complete	Yes	6.370	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2072	6369.852153	LINESTRING Z (533742.047 181260.481 0, 533770....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
83	C14	Cycleways	Blackfriars to Rotherhithe	Blackfriars to Rotherhithe	Complete	Complete	Yes	6.995	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2074	6994.926446	LINESTRING Z (536851.344 178582.957 0, 536806....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
120	C	Cycleways	Oval to C5	Oval to C5	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.032	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2111	1032.298014	LINESTRING Z (530700.012 178648.003 0, 530744....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571
139	C11	Cycleways	Essex Road to Farringdon	Essex Road to The City	Complete	Complete	Yes	2.123	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2130	2123.492454	LINESTRING Z (531859.147 183765.678 0, 532107....	0	1	CSS Area	21.375571

# We can plot the cycle routes and the CCZ zone.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 8))
gdf_ccz.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='black', color='#fff2f2', alpha=1, linewidth=0.6)
gdf_ccz_cycle_routes_cross.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='royalblue', alpha=1, linewidth=2)
ax.set_axis_off()

Quiz

• Q1. Using spatial join to select the London Underground stations that are within the City of London (one LA of London), and plot the stations and City of London map.

• Q2. Using spatial join to find the numbers of London Underground stations that are within each LA in London, output a table to list the LA names and station numbers.

• Q3. To find the cycle routes (only consider the cycle routes geometry are LineStrings, not mutiLineString) are within the Camden, and plot the cycle routes and camden map.

• Q4. Use the cycle route ([‘OBJECTID’] == 2096) we used in the buffer example, then find the underground stations that are within the 500m buffer area and 500m-1000m buffer area of this cycle route, and plot the cycle route, the buffer areas, and the related underground stations.

• Q5. Use the ‘central’ line underground stations to build the 500m buffer areas, then find the cycle routes (only consider the cycle routes geometry is LineStrings, not mutiLineString) that are crossing these buffer areas of these underground stations, and plot the cycle routes, the buffer areas, and the related underground stations.

Q1 solution:

# Select City of London from London LAs
gdf_city_london = gdf_uk_london[gdf_uk_london['LAD24NM'] == 'City of London']

# Spatial join to find stations within City of London
gdf_city_underground = gpd.sjoin(gdf_underground, gdf_city_london, how='inner', predicate='within')

# Plot City of London and its underground stations
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_city_london.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='black', color='skyblue', alpha=0.4)
gdf_city_underground.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='red', alpha=1, markersize=50)
ax.set_axis_off()
#

Q2 solution:

# Spatial join to find stations within each LA in London
gdf_la_underground = gpd.sjoin(gdf_underground, gdf_uk_london, how='inner', predicate='within')

# We can observe that there are 257 underground stations within London LA boundaries.
gdf_la_underground

	OBJECTID	NAME	LINES	ATCOCODE	MODES	ACCESSIBILITY	NIGHT_TUBE	NETWORK	DATASET_LAST_UPDATED	FULL_NAME	...	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID	intersected
0	111	St. Paul's	Central	940GZZLUSPU	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	St. Paul's station	...	264	E09000001	City of London		532382	181358	-0.093520	51.51564	741710fd-03e1-4b41-8645-7ebcfc5961ac	intersected
1	112	Mile End	District, Hammersmith & City, Central	940GZZLUMED	bus, tube	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Mile End station	...	293	E09000030	Tower Hamlets		536340	181452	-0.036480	51.51555	54f82e61-dc15-42cb-b777-681b4326f855	intersected
2	113	Bethnal Green	Central	940GZZLUBLG	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Bethnal Green station	...	293	E09000030	Tower Hamlets		536340	181452	-0.036480	51.51555	54f82e61-dc15-42cb-b777-681b4326f855	intersected
3	114	Leyton	Central	940GZZLULYN	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Leyton station	...	294	E09000031	Waltham Forest		537328	190278	-0.018800	51.59462	97cd624f-2c02-4f12-a78e-7aedc777673f	not_intersected
4	115	Snaresbrook	Central	940GZZLUSNB	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Snaresbrook station	...	289	E09000026	Redbridge		543512	189477	0.070085	51.58588	947652cf-8d04-498f-aeac-8cb34f1052d8	not_intersected
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
267	482	Hendon Central	Northern	940GZZLUHCL	tube, bus	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Hendon Central station	...	266	E09000003	Barnet		523473	191752	-0.218200	51.61107	9c7bda3b-2831-4799-857a-c83a49d16e4e	not_intersected
268	483	Seven Sisters	Victoria	940GZZLUSVS	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Seven Sisters station	...	277	E09000014	Haringey		531260	189349	-0.106700	51.58772	a4407a53-4227-42ea-be81-5933bf73fc98	not_intersected
270	485	Kenton	Bakerloo	940GZZLUKEN	tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Kenton station	...	268	E09000005	Brent		519615	186465	-0.275690	51.56439	3b5f8a90-cb62-4570-984f-fbf322e910bc	not_intersected
271	486	Woodside Park	Northern	940GZZLUWOP	tube, bus	Fully Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Woodside Park station	...	266	E09000003	Barnet		523473	191752	-0.218200	51.61107	9c7bda3b-2831-4799-857a-c83a49d16e4e	not_intersected
272	487	Preston Road	Metropolitan	940GZZLUPRD	tube, bus	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Preston Road station	...	268	E09000005	Brent		519615	186465	-0.275690	51.56439	3b5f8a90-cb62-4570-984f-fbf322e910bc	not_intersected

257 rows × 22 columns

# We use groupby to count the number of stations in each LA, 27 LAs obtain the underground stations.
stations_per_la = gdf_la_underground.groupby('LAD24NM').size().reset_index(name='station_count')
stations_per_la = stations_per_la.sort_values('station_count', ascending=False)
stations_per_la

	LAD24NM	station_count
26	Westminster	34
2	Brent	20
3	Camden	17
9	Hammersmith and Fulham	16
13	Hillingdon	15
5	Ealing	14
1	Barnet	13
4	City of London	12
11	Harrow	10
20	Redbridge	10
17	Lambeth	10
16	Kensington and Chelsea	10
15	Islington	9
14	Hounslow	8
23	Tower Hamlets	8
22	Southwark	7
10	Haringey	6
19	Newham	6
25	Wandsworth	6
18	Merton	5
0	Barking and Dagenham	5
12	Havering	4
6	Enfield	4
24	Waltham Forest	4
21	Richmond upon Thames	2
8	Hackney	1
7	Greenwich	1

Q3 solution:

# Select cycle routes with linestring in geometry (we have used the gdf_cycle_routes_s in the spatial join before).
gdf_cycle_routes_s

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID	Shape__Length	geometry
0	C38	Cycleways	Finsbury Park to Highbury Fields	Islington to Finsbury	(SG2) Option Selection	Feasibility	Yes	0.566	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1991	565.899062	LINESTRING Z (531183.013 182813.004 0, 531178....
1	C48	Cycleways	Brixton to Clapham High Street	Brixton to Clapham High Street	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.315	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1992	1315.182747	LINESTRING Z (531059.242 175496.769 0, 531068....
4	C41	Cycleways	Euston to Holborn	Euston to Holborn	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.181	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1995	1180.878708	LINESTRING Z (530256.221 182467.95 0, 530287.0...
5	C55	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.723	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1996	723.280344	LINESTRING Z (526926.013 180815.005 0, 526936....
7	C49	Cycleways	Acton to Chiswick	Acton to Chiswick	Complete	Complete	Yes	4.210	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1998	4209.703771	LINESTRING Z (521096.17 178513.522 0, 521106.7...
...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
160	C50	Cycleways	Camden Town to Finsbury Park	Camden Town to York Way	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.133	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2151	1132.913927	LINESTRING Z (529230.013 184130.004 28.3, 5292...
162	C	Cycleways	Elephant and Castle to Hampstead	Castlehaven Grafton Road	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.833	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2153	1832.819766	LINESTRING Z (527666.121 185680.674 0, 527717....
163	C40	Cycleways	Brentford to Twickenham	Brentford to Twickenham	Complete	Complete	Yes	4.291	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2154	4291.196598	LINESTRING Z (516031.691 173764.752 0, 516046....
164	C4	Cycleways	London Bridge to Rotherhithe Roundabout	Rotherhithe Roundabout to Lewisham	(SG5) Delivery	In Progress	Yes	1.335	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2155	1335.083915	LINESTRING Z (536021.013 178603.004 0, 535965....
165	C39	Cycleways	Kensington High St to Shepherds Bush	Kensington High St to Shepherds Bush	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.151	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2156	1151.249368	LINESTRING Z (524567.603 179008.18 0, 524508.3...

123 rows × 12 columns

# the types of geometry in gdf_cycle_routes_s
gdf_cycle_routes_s.geometry.type.unique()

array(['LineString'], dtype=object)

# we have used the gdf_camden
gdf_camden

	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID	geometry
269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4	POLYGON ((529150.075 185862.023, 529701.341 18...

# Spatial join to find cycle routes within Camden
gdf_camden_cycle_routes = gpd.sjoin(gdf_cycle_routes_s, gdf_camden, how='inner', predicate='within')

# We can observe that there are 13 cycle routes within Camden.
gdf_camden_cycle_routes

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID	...	index_right	FID	LAD24CD	LAD24NM	LAD24NMW	BNG_E	BNG_N	LONG	LAT	GlobalID
4	C41	Cycleways	Euston to Holborn	Euston to Holborn	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.181	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1995	...	269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4
9	C6	Cycleways	Elephant and Castle to Hampstead	Belsize Park to Hampstead	(SG5) Delivery	Under Construction	Yes	2.008	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2000	...	269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4
16	C6	Cycleways	Elephant and Castle to Hampstead	Belsize Park to Kentish Town	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.822	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2007	...	269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4
45	C	Cycleways	Chalk Farm to Swiss Cottage	Chalk Farm to Swiss Cottage	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	1.648	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2036	...	269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4
46	C	Cycleways	Elephant and Castle to Hampstead	Kentish Town to Hampstead Heath	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.344	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2037	...	269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4
48	C41	Central London Grid	Eversholt Street to Midland Road	Eversholt Street to Midland Road	(SG2) Option Selection	Complete	Yes	0.496	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2039	...	269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4
75	C	Cycleways	St Pancras to Kentish Town	St Pancras to Kentish Town	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.195	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2066	...	269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4
162	C	Cycleways	Elephant and Castle to Hampstead	Castlehaven Grafton Road	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.833	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2153	...	269	270	E09000007	Camden		527491	184283	-0.16291	51.54305	88f3f650-53ac-434d-883e-6235b48d14c4

8 rows × 22 columns

# Plot Camden boundary and its cycle routes
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_camden.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='black', color='skyblue', alpha=0.4)
gdf_camden_cycle_routes.plot(ax=ax, color='royalblue', alpha=1, linewidth=2)
ax.set_axis_off()

Q4 solution:

# Select the cycle route we used in the buffer example, we have used the gdf_cr_s (['OBJECTID' == 2096]) before.
gdf_cr_s

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID	Shape__Length	geometry
105	C5	Cycleways	Waterloo to Clapham	Waterloo to Clapham	Complete	Complete	Yes	5.814	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2096	5814.364404	LINESTRING Z (528800.09 174090.413 0, 528776.0...

# We also have created the 500m buffer for this cycle route (cr_s_buffer_500).
cr_s_buffer_500

105    POLYGON ((528187.268 174633.775, 528216.987 17...
dtype: geometry

# We need to transfer the geoseries to the geodataframe (add the 500m info) as input in the next spatial join.
gdf_cr_s_buffer_500 = gpd.GeoDataFrame(geometry=cr_s_buffer_500)
gdf_cr_s_buffer_500['buffer'] = '500m'
gdf_cr_s_buffer_500

	geometry	buffer
105	POLYGON ((528187.268 174633.775, 528216.987 17...	500m

# Spatial join: 7 stations within the 500m buffer area.
gdf_cr_underground_buffer_500 = gpd.sjoin(gdf_underground, gdf_cr_s_buffer_500, how='inner', predicate='intersects')
gdf_cr_underground_buffer_500

	OBJECTID	NAME	LINES	ATCOCODE	MODES	ACCESSIBILITY	NIGHT_TUBE	NETWORK	DATASET_LAST_UPDATED	FULL_NAME	geometry	index_right	buffer
77	188	Vauxhall	Victoria	940GZZLUVXL	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Vauxhall station	POINT Z (530336.807 177973.008 0)	105	500m
115	226	Clapham South	Northern	940GZZLUCPS	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Clapham South station	POINT Z (528834.045 174322.71 0)	105	500m
116	227	Clapham Common	Northern	940GZZLUCPC	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Clapham Common station	POINT Z (529504.822 175338.252 0)	105	500m
117	228	Clapham North	Northern	940GZZLUCPN	tube, bus	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Clapham North station	POINT Z (530038.978 175743.455 0)	105	500m
125	236	Oval	Northern	940GZZLUOVL	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Oval station	POINT Z (531170.311 177564.906 0)	105	500m
184	295	Stockwell	Northern, Victoria	940GZZLUSKW	bus, tube	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Stockwell station	POINT Z (530460.348 176432.891 0)	105	500m
227	380	Nine Elms	Northern	None	tube	None	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Nine Elms station	POINT Z (529989.269 177345.632 0)	105	500m

# Then, we create the 100m buffer for this cycle route and create the geodataframe.
cr_s_buffer_1000 = gdf_cr_s.buffer(1000)
gdf_cr_s_buffer_1000 = gpd.GeoDataFrame(geometry=cr_s_buffer_1000)
gdf_cr_s_buffer_1000['buffer'] = '1000m'
gdf_cr_s_buffer_1000

	geometry	buffer
105	POLYGON ((527794.412 174945.879, 527800.962 17...	1000m

# Spatial join: 10 rows within the 1000m buffer area.
gdf_cr_underground_buffer_1000 = gpd.sjoin(gdf_underground, gdf_cr_s_buffer_1000, how='inner', predicate='intersects')
gdf_cr_underground_buffer_1000

	OBJECTID	NAME	LINES	ATCOCODE	MODES	ACCESSIBILITY	NIGHT_TUBE	NETWORK	DATASET_LAST_UPDATED	FULL_NAME	geometry	index_right	buffer
76	187	Pimlico	Victoria	940GZZLUPCO	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Pimlico station	POINT Z (529670.659 178332.6 0)	105	1000m
77	188	Vauxhall	Victoria	940GZZLUVXL	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Vauxhall station	POINT Z (530336.807 177973.008 0)	105	1000m
115	226	Clapham South	Northern	940GZZLUCPS	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Clapham South station	POINT Z (528834.045 174322.71 0)	105	1000m
116	227	Clapham Common	Northern	940GZZLUCPC	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Clapham Common station	POINT Z (529504.822 175338.252 0)	105	1000m
117	228	Clapham North	Northern	940GZZLUCPN	tube, bus	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Clapham North station	POINT Z (530038.978 175743.455 0)	105	1000m
125	236	Oval	Northern	940GZZLUOVL	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Oval station	POINT Z (531170.311 177564.906 0)	105	1000m
126	237	Kennington	Northern	940GZZLUKNG	tube, bus	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Kennington station	POINT Z (531598.816 178299.56 0)	105	1000m
184	295	Stockwell	Northern, Victoria	940GZZLUSKW	bus, tube	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Stockwell station	POINT Z (530460.348 176432.891 0)	105	1000m
227	380	Nine Elms	Northern	None	tube	None	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Nine Elms station	POINT Z (529989.269 177345.632 0)	105	1000m
252	440	Balham	Northern	940GZZLUBLM	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Balham station	POINT Z (528480.339 173244.484 0)	105	1000m

# We can output the names of station names within the 500m and 500-1000m buffer areas of this cycle route.
print('stations within 500m', gdf_cr_underground_buffer_500.NAME.to_list())
print('stations within 500-1000m', set(gdf_cr_underground_buffer_1000.NAME.to_list()) - set(gdf_cr_underground_buffer_500.NAME.to_list()))

stations within 500m ['Vauxhall', 'Clapham South', 'Clapham Common', 'Clapham North', 'Oval', 'Stockwell', 'Nine Elms']
stations within 500-1000m {'Kennington', 'Balham', 'Pimlico'}

# Plot the cycle route, the buffer areas, and the related underground stations.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_cr_s.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='black', color='royalblue', alpha=1, linewidth=2)
gdf_cr_s_buffer_500.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='royalblue', alpha=0.3, linewidth=0.4)
gdf_cr_s_buffer_1000.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='royalblue', alpha=0.3, linewidth=0.4)
gdf_cr_underground_buffer_500.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='red', alpha=1, markersize=50, label='Stations within 500m')
gdf_cr_underground_buffer_1000[gdf_cr_underground_buffer_1000.NAME.isin(['Pimlico', 'Balham', 'Kennington'])].plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='orange', alpha=1, markersize=50, label='Stations within 500-1000m')
ax.legend(loc='upper left')
ax.set_axis_off()

Q5 solution:

# Select the underground stations in the Central line.
gdf_central_line_stations = gdf_underground[gdf_underground['LINES'].str.contains('Central')]
gdf_central_line_stations

	OBJECTID	NAME	LINES	ATCOCODE	MODES	ACCESSIBILITY	NIGHT_TUBE	NETWORK	DATASET_LAST_UPDATED	FULL_NAME	geometry
0	111	St. Paul's	Central	940GZZLUSPU	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	St. Paul's station	POINT Z (532108.364 181274.192 0)
1	112	Mile End	District, Hammersmith & City, Central	940GZZLUMED	bus, tube	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Mile End station	POINT Z (536500.796 182534.495 0)
2	113	Bethnal Green	Central	940GZZLUBLG	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Bethnal Green station	POINT Z (535043.555 182718.413 0)
3	114	Leyton	Central	940GZZLULYN	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Leyton station	POINT Z (538367.45 186075.857 0)
4	115	Snaresbrook	Central	940GZZLUSNB	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Snaresbrook station	POINT Z (540156.785 188804.046 0)
5	116	Leytonstone	Central	940GZZLULYS	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Leytonstone station	POINT Z (539279.289 187404.74 0)
6	117	Wanstead	Central	940GZZLUWSD	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Wanstead station	POINT Z (540673.165 188253.511 0)
7	118	South Woodford	Central	940GZZLUSWF	bus, tube	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	South Woodford station	POINT Z (540535.749 190062.673 0)
8	119	Newbury Park	Central	940GZZLUNBP	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Newbury Park station	POINT Z (544920.305 188384.723 0)
9	120	Barkingside	Central	940GZZLUBKE	tube, bus	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Barkingside station	POINT Z (544798.769 189493.952 0)
10	121	Fairlop	Central	940GZZLUFLP	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Fairlop station	POINT Z (544935.611 190594.577 0)
11	122	Woodford	Central	940GZZLUWOF	tube, bus	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Woodford station	POINT Z (540949.994 191740.022 0)
12	123	Roding Valley	Central	940GZZLURVY	tube	Fully Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Roding Valley station	POINT Z (541589.716 192894.967 0)
13	124	Chigwell	Central	940GZZLUCWL	bus, tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Chigwell station	POINT Z (543795.214 193021.043 0)
18	129	Ruislip Gardens	Central	940GZZLURSG	tube, bus	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Ruislip Gardens station	POINT Z (510266.41 185851.603 0)
19	130	South Ruislip	Central	940GZZLUSRP	tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	South Ruislip station	POINT Z (511097.397 185434.108 0)
20	131	Northolt	Central	940GZZLUNHT	tube, bus	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Northolt station	POINT Z (513213.344 184523.901 0)
21	132	West Ruislip	Central	940GZZLUWRP	tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	West Ruislip station	POINT Z (508378.676 186796 0)
52	163	Liverpool Street	Metropolitan, Central, Circle, Hammersmith & City	940GZZLULVT	tube	Partially Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Liverpool Street station	POINT Z (533093.866 181566.922 0)
70	181	White City	Central	940GZZLUWCY	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	White City station	POINT Z (523307.836 180748.42 0)
71	182	Shepherd's Bush	Central	940GZZLUSBC	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Shepherd's Bush station	POINT Z (523719.584 179883.562 0)
72	183	Holland Park	Central	940GZZLUHPK	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Holland Park station	POINT Z (524626.261 180217.356 0)
90	201	Notting Hill Gate	District, Central, Circle	940GZZLUNHG	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Notting Hill Gate station	POINT Z (525284.928 180456.362 0)
91	202	Lancaster Gate	Central	940GZZLULGT	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Lancaster Gate station	POINT Z (526710.521 180773.352 0)
92	203	Marble Arch	Central	940GZZLUMBA	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Marble Arch station	POINT Z (527960.144 181017.479 0)
93	204	Bond Street	Central, Jubilee	940GZZLUBND	tube, bus	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Bond Street station	POINT Z (528490.686 181117.639 0)
94	205	Perivale	Central	940GZZLUPVL	bus, tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Perivale station	POINT Z (516378.363 183314.993 0)
95	206	Greenford	Central	940GZZLUGFD	tube	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Greenford station	POINT Z (514763.109 183928.056 0)
96	207	North Acton	Central	940GZZLUNAN	bus, tube	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	North Acton station	POINT Z (520828.415 181956.943 0)
98	209	Bank	Waterloo & City, Northern, Central	940GZZLUBNK	tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Bank station	POINT Z (532710.168 181119.901 0)
99	210	Oxford Circus	Central, Bakerloo, Victoria	940GZZLUOXC	tube, bus	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Oxford Circus station	POINT Z (529046.627 181236.34 0)
100	211	Holborn	Central, Piccadilly	940GZZLUHBN	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Holborn station	POINT Z (530512.074 181525.075 0)
101	212	Chancery Lane	Central	940GZZLUCHL	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Chancery Lane station	POINT Z (531123.959 181615.469 0)
119	230	Tottenham Court Road	Central, Northern	940GZZLUTCR	bus, tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Tottenham Court Road station	POINT Z (529815.394 181382.5 0)
127	238	East Acton	Central	940GZZLUEAN	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	East Acton station	POINT Z (521721.012 181197.774 0)
134	245	Queensway	Central	940GZZLUQWY	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Queensway station	POINT Z (525903.093 180593.609 0)
135	246	Buckhurst Hill	Central	940GZZLUBKH	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Buckhurst Hill station	POINT Z (541777.578 193891.183 0)
136	247	Loughton	Central	940GZZLULGN	tube, bus	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Loughton station	POINT Z (542318.902 195612.391 0)
137	248	Hainault	Central	940GZZLUHLT	tube, bus	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Hainault station	POINT Z (545079.906 191498.186 0)
138	249	Grange Hill	Central	940GZZLUGGH	tube, bus	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Grange Hill station	POINT Z (544967.323 192558.695 0)
139	250	Debden	Central	940GZZLUDBN	tube	Partially Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Debden station	POINT Z (544272.935 196121.785 0)
140	251	Epping	Central	940GZZLUEPG	tube	Fully Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Epping station	POINT Z (546209.443 201538.403 0)
141	252	Redbridge	Central	940GZZLURBG	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Redbridge station	POINT Z (541834.499 188358.005 0)
179	290	Ealing Broadway	District, Central	940GZZLUEBY	tube	Partially Accessible - Interchange Only	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Ealing Broadway station	POINT Z (517989.361 180932.53 0)
205	316	West Acton	Central	940GZZLUWTA	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	West Acton station	POINT Z (519372.874 181295.928 0)
206	317	Stratford	Central, Jubilee	940GZZLUSTD	tube	Fully Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Stratford station	POINT Z (538530.061 184394.649 0)
237	393	Hanger Lane	Central	940GZZLUHGR	tube, bus	Not Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Hanger Lane station	POINT Z (518527.328 182634.182 0)
238	394	Gants Hill	Central	940GZZLUGTH	bus, tube	Not Accessible	Yes	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Gants Hill station	POINT Z (543273.691 188430.211 0)
269	484	Theydon Bois	Central	940GZZLUTHB	tube	Partially Accessible	No	London Underground	2021-11-29 00:00:00+00:00	Theydon Bois station	POINT Z (545541.525 199100.831 0)

# We can plot the selected 49 stations.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 6))
gdf_london_bound.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='skyblue', alpha=0.4, linewidth=0.4)
gdf_central_line_stations.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='red', alpha=0.7, lw=0.5, markersize=5)

<Axes: >

# We create the 500m buffer for the central line underground stations.
central_line_stations_buffer_500 = gdf_central_line_stations.buffer(500)
gdf_central_line_stations_buffer_500 = gpd.GeoDataFrame(geometry=central_line_stations_buffer_500)
gdf_central_line_stations_buffer_500['buffer'] = '500m'
gdf_central_line_stations_buffer_500

	geometry	buffer
0	POLYGON ((532608.364 181274.192, 532605.956 18...	500m
1	POLYGON ((537000.796 182534.495, 536998.388 18...	500m
2	POLYGON ((535543.555 182718.413, 535541.147 18...	500m
3	POLYGON ((538867.45 186075.857, 538865.042 186...	500m
4	POLYGON ((540656.785 188804.046, 540654.377 18...	500m
5	POLYGON ((539779.289 187404.74, 539776.882 187...	500m
6	POLYGON ((541173.165 188253.511, 541170.757 18...	500m
7	POLYGON ((541035.749 190062.673, 541033.342 19...	500m
8	POLYGON ((545420.305 188384.723, 545417.897 18...	500m
9	POLYGON ((545298.769 189493.952, 545296.361 18...	500m
10	POLYGON ((545435.611 190594.577, 545433.204 19...	500m
11	POLYGON ((541449.994 191740.022, 541447.586 19...	500m
12	POLYGON ((542089.716 192894.967, 542087.308 19...	500m
13	POLYGON ((544295.214 193021.043, 544292.807 19...	500m
18	POLYGON ((510766.41 185851.603, 510764.003 185...	500m
19	POLYGON ((511597.397 185434.108, 511594.99 185...	500m
20	POLYGON ((513713.344 184523.901, 513710.937 18...	500m
21	POLYGON ((508878.676 186796, 508876.268 186746...	500m
52	POLYGON ((533593.866 181566.922, 533591.458 18...	500m
70	POLYGON ((523807.836 180748.42, 523805.429 180...	500m
71	POLYGON ((524219.584 179883.562, 524217.176 17...	500m
72	POLYGON ((525126.261 180217.356, 525123.853 18...	500m
90	POLYGON ((525784.928 180456.362, 525782.52 180...	500m
91	POLYGON ((527210.521 180773.352, 527208.114 18...	500m
92	POLYGON ((528460.144 181017.479, 528457.736 18...	500m
93	POLYGON ((528990.686 181117.639, 528988.279 18...	500m
94	POLYGON ((516878.363 183314.993, 516875.955 18...	500m
95	POLYGON ((515263.109 183928.056, 515260.701 18...	500m
96	POLYGON ((521328.415 181956.943, 521326.007 18...	500m
98	POLYGON ((533210.168 181119.901, 533207.76 181...	500m
99	POLYGON ((529546.627 181236.34, 529544.219 181...	500m
100	POLYGON ((531012.074 181525.075, 531009.667 18...	500m
101	POLYGON ((531623.959 181615.469, 531621.551 18...	500m
119	POLYGON ((530315.394 181382.5, 530312.986 1813...	500m
127	POLYGON ((522221.012 181197.774, 522218.605 18...	500m
134	POLYGON ((526403.093 180593.609, 526400.686 18...	500m
135	POLYGON ((542277.578 193891.183, 542275.171 19...	500m
136	POLYGON ((542818.902 195612.391, 542816.494 19...	500m
137	POLYGON ((545579.906 191498.186, 545577.498 19...	500m
138	POLYGON ((545467.323 192558.695, 545464.916 19...	500m
139	POLYGON ((544772.935 196121.785, 544770.528 19...	500m
140	POLYGON ((546709.443 201538.403, 546707.036 20...	500m
141	POLYGON ((542334.499 188358.005, 542332.092 18...	500m
179	POLYGON ((518489.361 180932.53, 518486.953 180...	500m
205	POLYGON ((519872.874 181295.928, 519870.467 18...	500m
206	POLYGON ((539030.061 184394.649, 539027.653 18...	500m
237	POLYGON ((519027.328 182634.182, 519024.921 18...	500m
238	POLYGON ((543773.691 188430.211, 543771.283 18...	500m
269	POLYGON ((546041.525 199100.831, 546039.117 19...	500m

# Spatial join between gdf_central_line_stations_buffer_500 and the cycle routes (gdf_cycle_routes_s).
gdf_cl_station_buffer_cycle = gpd.sjoin(gdf_cycle_routes_s, gdf_central_line_stations_buffer_500, how='inner', predicate='crosses')
gdf_cl_station_buffer_cycle

	LABEL	PROGRAMME	ROUTE_NAME	ROUTE	MILESTONE	STATUS	PUBLIC_	ROUTE_LENGTH_KM	PROGRAMME_UPDATED	OBJECTID	Shape__Length	geometry	index_right	buffer
4	C41	Cycleways	Euston to Holborn	Euston to Holborn	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.181	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1995	1180.878708	LINESTRING Z (530256.221 182467.95 0, 530287.0...	100	500m
4	C41	Cycleways	Euston to Holborn	Euston to Holborn	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.181	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1995	1180.878708	LINESTRING Z (530256.221 182467.95 0, 530287.0...	101	500m
5	C55	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.723	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1996	723.280344	LINESTRING Z (526926.013 180815.005 0, 526936....	91	500m
5	C55	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.723	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1996	723.280344	LINESTRING Z (526926.013 180815.005 0, 526936....	92	500m
7	C49	Cycleways	Acton to Chiswick	Acton to Chiswick	Complete	Complete	Yes	4.210	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	1998	4209.703771	LINESTRING Z (521096.17 178513.522 0, 521106.7...	127	500m
12	C55	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Lancaster Gate to Hyde Park Corner	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.439	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2003	1438.814951	LINESTRING Z (527615.936 180858.038 0, 527864....	92	500m
22	C3	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Complete	Complete	Yes	22.425	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2013	22425.196420	LINESTRING Z (545213.627 183267.215 0, 545181....	91	500m
22	C3	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Complete	Complete	Yes	22.425	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2013	22425.196420	LINESTRING Z (545213.627 183267.215 0, 545181....	98	500m
22	C3	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Lancaster Gate to Barking	Complete	Complete	Yes	22.425	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2013	22425.196420	LINESTRING Z (545213.627 183267.215 0, 545181....	0	500m
32	C	Cycleways	Cambridge Park Road	Cambridge Park Road	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.727	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2023	726.518206	LINESTRING Z (540022.631 187873.251 0, 540116....	6	500m
42	C11	Cycleways	Essex Road to Farringdon	The City to Farringdon	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.243	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2033	1243.120260	LINESTRING Z (532589.5 181938.471 0, 532573.01...	0	500m
42	C11	Cycleways	Essex Road to Farringdon	The City to Farringdon	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.243	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2033	1243.120260	LINESTRING Z (532589.5 181938.471 0, 532573.01...	101	500m
47	C	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Noting Hill Gate	Lancaster Gate to Noting Hill Gate	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	1.234	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2038	1234.267070	LINESTRING Z (525596.616 180551.655 0, 525725....	90	500m
47	C	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Noting Hill Gate	Lancaster Gate to Noting Hill Gate	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	1.234	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2038	1234.267070	LINESTRING Z (525596.616 180551.655 0, 525725....	134	500m
47	C	Cycleways	Lancaster Gate to Noting Hill Gate	Lancaster Gate to Noting Hill Gate	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	1.234	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2038	1234.267070	LINESTRING Z (525596.616 180551.655 0, 525725....	91	500m
81	C2	Cycleways	Aldgate to Stratford	Aldgate to Stratford	Complete	Complete	Yes	6.370	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2072	6369.852153	LINESTRING Z (533742.047 181260.481 0, 533770....	1	500m
81	C2	Cycleways	Aldgate to Stratford	Aldgate to Stratford	Complete	Complete	Yes	6.370	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2072	6369.852153	LINESTRING Z (533742.047 181260.481 0, 533770....	206	500m
92	C34	Cycleways	Wood Lane to Barnes	Wood Lane to Rockley Rd	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	2.153	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2083	2153.202189	LINESTRING Z (523180.013 181090.003 0, 523251....	71	500m
92	C34	Cycleways	Wood Lane to Barnes	Wood Lane to Rockley Rd	(SG3) Concept Design	Feasibility	Yes	2.153	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2083	2153.202189	LINESTRING Z (523180.013 181090.003 0, 523251....	70	500m
93	C34	Cycleways	Wood Lane to Acton	Wood Lane to Acton	Complete	Complete	Yes	3.408	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2084	3407.905733	LINESTRING Z (523180.013 181090.003 0, 523165....	70	500m
93	C34	Cycleways	Wood Lane to Acton	Wood Lane to Acton	Complete	Complete	Yes	3.408	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2084	3407.905733	LINESTRING Z (523180.013 181090.003 0, 523165....	127	500m
93	C34	Cycleways	Wood Lane to Acton	Wood Lane to Acton	Complete	Complete	Yes	3.408	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2084	3407.905733	LINESTRING Z (523180.013 181090.003 0, 523165....	96	500m
103	C	Central London Grid	Fitzrovia to Soho	Fitzrovia to Soho	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.942	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2094	942.260282	LINESTRING Z (529476.013 181246.003 25.5, 5295...	99	500m
103	C	Central London Grid	Fitzrovia to Soho	Fitzrovia to Soho	(SG4) Detailed Design	Feasibility	Yes	0.942	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2094	942.260282	LINESTRING Z (529476.013 181246.003 25.5, 5295...	119	500m
123	None	Cycleways	Kensington High St to Blenheim Crescent	Kensington High St to Blenheim Crescent	(SG5) Delivery	In Progress	Yes	1.858	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2114	1857.573185	LINESTRING Z (524958.013 179244.005 0, 524943....	72	500m
125	None	Cycleways	Clarendon Road Chepstow Villas	Clarendon Road ? Chepstow Villas	(SG5) Delivery	In Progress	Yes	1.364	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2116	1363.644025	LINESTRING Z (524989.013 180863.004 0, 524920....	72	500m
137	C	Cycleways	Palace Gate to Black Lion Gate (Kensington Gar...	Palace Gate to Black Lion Gate (Kensington Gar...	Complete	Complete	Yes	0.965	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2128	964.976998	LINESTRING Z (526121.125 179658.722 0, 526116....	134	500m
140	C	Cycleways	Upper Brook Street Gate	Upper Brook Street Gate	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.236	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2131	1235.978818	LINESTRING Z (527615.936 180858.038 0, 527672....	92	500m
165	C39	Cycleways	Kensington High St to Shepherds Bush	Kensington High St to Shepherds Bush	Complete	Complete	Yes	1.151	2023-11-21 00:00:00+00:00	2156	1151.249368	LINESTRING Z (524567.603 179008.18 0, 524508.3...	71	500m

# Plot the 29 cycle routes, the related underground stations and the buffer areas.
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 6))
gdf_central_line_stations.plot(ax=ax, color='red', markersize=4, alpha=1)
gdf_central_line_stations_buffer_500.plot(ax=ax, edgecolor='grey', color='lightgreen', alpha=0.6, linewidth=0.7)
gdf_cl_station_buffer_cycle.plot(ax=ax, color='royalblue', alpha=1, linewidth=1)
ax.set_axis_off()